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Andre Antunes improves another viral video by adding a heavy metal soundtrack to it. This time, he amped up the already formidable footage of New Zealand’s All Blacks rugby team performing a traditional Maori war dance known as the Haka. Original video here.

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Take a look at our top 10 Laravel Tutorials from 2021.

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    $webhooks = $this->configuration->newQuery()->where('enabled', 1)->get();

    foreach ($webhooks as $webhook) {
        $this->runEventThroughWebhook($event, $webhook);
    }

    private function runEventThroughWebhook(EloquentModel $event, WebhookConfiguration $webhook)
    {
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            'webhook_id' => $webhook->id,
            'status' => 'processing',
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            'request_url' => $webhook->url,
        ]);

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            'status' => $bag->status,
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            'response_body' => $bag->responseBody,
        ]);
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            } catch (RequestException $exception) {
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            }
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            $client = $this->httpFactory->client();
        }

if ($webhook->secret) {
    $headers['X-ACME-SIGNATURE'] = hash_hmac('sha256', $body, $webhook->secret);
}

{
  "email": "",
  "country": "",
  "login_at": "",
  "organization": ""
}

    private function body(string $template, EloquentModel $event): string
    {
        $loader = new \Twig\Loader\ArrayLoader(['template' => $template]);

        $twig = new \Twig\Environment($loader);

        $policy = $this->twigSecurityPolicy();

        $twig->addExtension(new \Twig\Extension\SandboxExtension($policy));

        return $twig->render('template', ['event' => $event]);
    }

    private function twigSecurityPolicy(): TwigSecurityPolicyForWebhooks
    {
        $tags = [];

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        $properties = []; 

        $functions = [];

        $policy = new \Twig\Sandbox\SecurityPolicy($tags, $filters, $methods, $properties, $functions);

        return new TwigSecurityPolicyForWebhooks($policy);
    }

public function getTeamNameAttribute() {
    return $this->team->name;
}

final class TwigSecurityPolicyForWebhooks implements SecurityPolicyInterface
{
    public function __construct(private SecurityPolicy $policy) {}

    public function checkSecurity($tags, $filters, $functions): void
    {
        $this->policy->checkSecurity($this, $filters, $functions);
    }

    public function checkMethodAllowed($obj, $method): void
    {
        $this->policy->checkMethodAllowed($obj, $method);
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    {
        
        if ($obj instanceof \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model) {
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    }
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} catch (HttpClientException|GuzzleException $t) {
    return WebhookExecutionBag::exception($body, $t);
}

return WebhookExecutionBag::processed($body, $response);

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Anyone working with data is going to encounter date values at some point. Dates are necessary for many reasons. If you’re a PHP/MySQL Developer, you have date function options for both the database and your programming language of choice. In this post, I cover 5 PHP date functions and their (somewhat) MySQL equivalents with examples of each. Continue reading…

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The Newsletter for PHP and MySQL Developers

PHP: date_format() | MySQL: DATE_FORMAT()

We always hope that the data comes to us in the format we need. In reality, we know better and that normally, data is formatted (if at all) in a way that we can’t use or don’t wish to use. With that being said, you can use either of these functions and put date data in pretty much any format you need.

Both functions have a myriad number of different formatting options and covering them all in one blog post would be convoluted at best. Instead, I’ll cover a couple of the common ones I am familiar with and leave the exploration up to you.

date_format()

Syntax PHP date_format():

date_format($object, $format)

• Returns a date as specified by the format.
• Both parameters are required.

Using the date_create() function, I make a practice date we can use for the examples:

$some_date = date_create('2021-12-04');
echo date_format($some_date, 'Y-d-m');

Echoing out in the browser returns:

2021-04-12

In order to format the date value to a full month name, 2-digit day (with suffix), and 4-digit year, we can use these format parameters:

echo date_format($some_date, 'F jS, Y');

Which returns:

December 4th, 2021

Oftentimes, you see dates in the 2-digit month 2-digit day, and 4-digit year format (MM/DD/YYYY). These format strings shown in the following example produce that format for you:

echo date_format($some_date, 'd/m/Y');
04/12/2021

(There are several format options for PHP’s date_format(). Visit the date_format() documentation to see them all.)

DATE_FORMAT()

Syntax MySQL DATE_FORMAT():

DATE_FORMAT(date, format)

• Returns a date as specified by the format.
• Both parameters are required.

For simplicity’s sake, I am using the ‘store’ table from the sakila practice database with this data:

mysql> SELECT last_update
    -> FROM store;
+---------------------+
| last_update         |
+---------------------+
| 2006-02-15 04:57:12 |
| 2006-02-15 04:57:12 |
+---------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

For a 3-letter month abbreviation, a 2-digit day – with the suffix – and the full 4-digit year, we can use these format specifiers:

mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT(last_update, '%b %D, %Y') AS frmt
    -> FROM store;
+----------------+
| frmt           |
+----------------+
| Feb 15th, 2006 |
| Feb 15th, 2006 |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec

As you have seen in the 1st exploratory query on the ‘store’ table, the ‘last_update’ column date values are stored in a ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ format. If these values were not already stored as such, you can easily format them with the format specifiers shown in the next query:

mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT(last_update, '%Y-%m-%d') AS frmt
    -> FROM store;
+------------+
| frmt       |
+------------+
| 2006-02-15 |
| 2006-02-15 |
+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

A common format you see is the ‘DD-MON-YY’ format (a lot of Oracle SQL dates are stored in this format). There are format specifiers for that pattern as well:

mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT(last_update, '%d-%b-%y') AS frmt 
    -> FROM store;
+-----------+
| frmt      |
+-----------+
| 15-Feb-06 |
| 15-Feb-06 |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(Visit this MySQL DATE_FORMAT() resource for more information.)

PHP: date_diff() | MySQL: DATEDIFF()

PHP’s date_diff() function returns the difference between 2 DateTime objects. The difference can be a number of different values such as days, months, or even hours (and many more).

date_diff()

Syntax PHP date_diff()

date_diff($origin_date, $target_date)

I’ll create 2 dates and then call the format() method on the resulting object from the date_diff() function call:

$current_date = date_create('2021-12-04');
$xmas_date = date_create('2021-12-25');

$num_days = date_diff($current_date, $xmas_date);
echo $num_days->format('%R%a days');

The a format echoed in the browser returns:

+21 days

Using the m format, we can know the number of months difference between the date objects:

$current_date = date_create('2021-12-04');
$six_mnths_later = date_create('2021-06-25');

$num_mnths = date_diff($current_date, $six_mnths_later);
echo $num_mnths->format('%m months');

5 months

(Note: date_diff() is in the procedural style. Read more in the official date_diff() documentation.)

DATEDIFF()

MySQL’s DATEDIFF() function returns the number of days between 2 date values. This function is handy for calculating how many days an event happened in the past or will happen in the future (i.e., a birthday, holiday, anniversary, etc…).

Syntax MySQL DATEDIFF():

DATEDIFF(date_1, date_2)

At the time of writing this post, MySQL’s CURRENT_DATE() function returns this value in my local learning/development environment:

mysql> SELECT CURRENT_DATE();
+----------------+
| CURRENT_DATE() |
+----------------+
| 2021-12-04     |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Christmas is on December the 25th and we can calculate the remaining number of days until the holiday using DATEDIFF():

mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2021-12-25', CURRENT_DATE()) AS days_to_xmas;
+--------------+
| days_to_xmas |
+--------------+
|           21 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Hope y’all were good this year so Santa visits!

(More information on DATEDIFF().)

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PHP: date() | MySQL: NOW()

PHP’s date() function returns the current time, formatted according to the $format_string argument, if no $timestamp argument value is provided in the function call.

date()

Syntax PHP date():

date(string $format_string, $timestamp = null)

As of the time of writing this segment of the post, the date() function returns this date in my local development environment:

$current_date = date('Y-m-d');
echo $current_date;

2021-12-10

Just as several other example PHP date functions, there are many formatting options for date().

$current_date = date('F jS, Y');
echo $current_date;

December 10th, 2021

(Visit the PHP date() function documentation for more information on this function.)

NOW()

The MySQL NOW() function returns the current date and time. NOW() accepts no arguments.

Syntax MySQL NOW():

NOW()

Let’s see an example of NOW() in my local development environment:

mysql> SELECT NOW();
+---------------------+
| NOW()               |
+---------------------+
| 2021-12-04 19:36:44 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The NOW() function is easy to use and provides a handy date/time value you can use to calculate information based off on well, now.

(Learn more about the NOW() function here.)

PHP: date_add() | MySQL: DATE_ADD()

If you have a date value that you want to add another unit (DAY, MONTH, YEAR, etc) to, both PHP’s date_add() and MySQL’s DATE_ADD() functions return this type of calculation.

date_add()

Syntax PHP date_add():

date_add($date_object, $interval_amount)

(Note: date_add() is in the procedural style.)

There are several date intervals you can pass to date_add() as the 2nd parameter. In this example, I specify ’21 days’ in the date_interval_create_from__date_string() function (which is the 2nd parameter for date_add()):

$some_date = date_create('2021-12-04');
date_add($some_date, date_interval_create_from_date_string('21 days'));
echo date_format($some_date,'Y-m-d');

Returns:

2021-12-25

Months are a perfectly valid date interval and in the following example, we calculate a date 3 months in the future:

$some_date = date_create('2021-12-04');
date_add($some_date, date_interval_create_from_date_string('3 months'));
echo date_format($some_date,'F jS, Y');

And in the browser we see:

March 4th, 2022

(See the online date_add() documentation for more information.)

DATE_ADD()

Syntax MySQL DATE_ADD():

DATE_ADD(date_value, INTERVAL value add_unit_value)

DATE_ADD() accepts a date or time INTERVAL value, adds that INTERVAL value to the specified date, and returns a date based on the calculation.

Adding a 6 DAY INTERVAL to the date ‘2021-12-25’ using DATE_ADD() returns the date ‘2021-12-31’ (New Year’s Eve):

mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2021-12-25', INTERVAL 6 DAY) AS new_yr_eve;
+------------+
| new_yr_eve |
+------------+
| 2021-12-31 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The INTERVAL value must be singular. A plural form returns an error:

mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2021-12-25', INTERVAL 6 DAYS) AS new_yr_eve;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'DAYS) AS new_yr_eve' at line 1

You can add whole months as the INTERVAL value as well:

mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2021-12-25', INTERVAL 6 MONTH) AS half_way;
+------------+
| half_way   |
+------------+
| 2022-06-25 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

(Learn more about DATE_ADD() by visiting this site.)

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PHP: date_sub() | MySQL: DATE_SUB()

With PHP’s date_sub() function, you have all the same capabilities you do with date_add() as far as calculations are concerned. Except with date_sub(), you are subtracting the date intervals.

date_sub()

Syntax PHP date_sub():

date_sub($date_object, $interval_amount)

$some_date = date_create('2021-12-04');
date_sub($some_date, date_interval_create_from_date_string('3 months'));
echo date_format($some_date,'F jS, Y');

This echo of date_format() on the $some_date object is now:

September 4th, 2021

And if we subtract 3 days using date_sub(), we get:

$some_date = date_create('2021-12-04');
date_sub($some_date, date_interval_create_from_date_string('3 days'));
echo date_format($some_date,'F jS, Y');

December 1st, 2021

DATE_SUB()

Syntax MySQL DATE_SUB():

DATE_SUB(date_value, INTERVAL value subtract_unit_value)

We can add an INTERVAL to a date/time value using DATE_ADD() and are returned a calculated date. On the same token, we can subtract an INTERVAL using DATE_SUB(). Just as with DATE_ADD(), the specified INTERVAL unit must be in the singular.

Again, I won’t cover every available INTERVAL unit. Visit any of the links throughout the post for more information.

mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2021-12-25', INTERVAL 1 WEEK) AS wk_bf_xmas;
+------------+
| wk_bf_xmas |
+------------+
| 2021-12-18 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

For example, an INTERVAL value of ‘2 MONTH’ returns a date 2 months prior to the target date parameter:

mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2021-12-25', INTERVAL 2 MONTH) AS 2mnths_bf_xmas;
+----------------+
| 2mnths_bf_xmas |
+----------------+
| 2021-10-25     |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

(Learn more about DATE_SUB() and the many INTERVAL values you can use in the function call.)

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I hope you have learned something new about working with date values in PHP and MYSQL because I know I have. If you have any questions or see any mistakes in the code, please leave a comment below. Constructive comments help me better provide accurate information and are much appreciated.

Like what you have read? See anything incorrect? Please comment below and thank you for reading!!!

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Josh Otwell has a passion to study and grow as a SQL Developer and blogger. Other favorite activities find him with his nose buried in a good book, article, or the Linux command line. Among those, he shares a love of tabletop RPG games, reading fantasy novels, and spending time with his wife and two daughters.

Disclaimer: The examples presented in this post are hypothetical ideas of how to achieve similar types of results. They are not the utmost best solution(s). The majority, if not all, of the examples provided, are performed on a personal development/learning workstation environment and should not be considered production quality or ready. Your particular goals and needs may vary. Use those practices that best benefit your needs and goals. Opinions are my own.

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The post 5 PHP Date Functions and Their MySQL Equivalents appeared first on Digital Owl’s Prose.

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The path to becoming a proficient and successful programmer is difficult, but one that is certainly achievable. Data structures are a core component that every programming student must master, and chances are you may have already learned or worked with some basic data structures such as arrays or lists.

Interviewers tend to prefer asking questions related to data structures, so if you’re preparing for a job interview, you’re going to need to brush up on your data structures knowledge. Read on as we list the most important data structures for programmers and job interviews.

1. Linked List

Linked lists are one of the most basic data structures and often the starting point for students in most data structures courses. Linked lists are linear data structures that allow sequential data access.

Elements within the linked list are stored in individual nodes that are connected (linked) using pointers. You can think of a linked list as a chain of nodes connected to each other via different pointers.

Related: An Introduction to Using Linked Lists in Java

Before we get into the specifics of the different types of linked lists, it is crucial to understand the structure and implementation of the individual node. Each node in a linked list has at least one pointer (doubly linked list nodes have two pointers) that connects it to the next node in the list and the data item itself.

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Each linked list has a head and tail node. Single-linked list nodes only have one pointer that points to the next node in the chain. In addition to the next pointer, doubly linked list nodes have another pointer that points to the previous node in the chain.

Interview questions related to linked lists usually revolve around the insertion, searching, or deletion of a specific element. Insertion in a linked list takes O(1) time, but deletion and searching can take O(n) time in the worst case. So linked lists are not ideal.

2. Binary Tree

Binary trees are the most popular subset of the tree family data structure; elements in a binary tree are arranged in a hierarchy. Other types of trees include AVL, red-black, B trees, etc. Nodes of the binary tree contain the data element and two pointers to each child node.

Each parent node in a binary tree can have a maximum of two child nodes, and each child node, in turn, can be a parent to two nodes.

Related: A Beginner’s Guide to Binary Trees

A binary search tree (BST) stores data in a sorted order, where elements with a key-value less than the parent node are stored on the left, and elements with a key-value greater than the parent node are stored on the right.

Binary trees are commonly asked in interviews, so if you’re getting ready for an interview, you should know how to flatten a binary tree, look up a specific element, and more.

3. Hash Table

Hash tables or hash maps are a highly efficient data structure that stores data in an array format. Each data element is assigned a unique index value in a hash table, which allows for efficient searching and deletion.

The process of assigning or mapping keys in a hash map is called hashing. The more efficient the hash function, the better the efficiency of the hash table itself.

Each hash table stores data elements in a value-index pair.

Where value is the data to be stored, and index is the unique integer used for mapping the element into the table. Hash functions can be very complex or very simple, depending on the required efficiency of the hash table and how you will resolve collisions.

Collisions often arise when a hash function produces the same mapping for different elements; hash map collisions can be resolved in different ways, using open addressing or chaining.

Hash tables or hash maps have a variety of different applications, including cryptography. They are the first choice data structure when insertion or searching in constant O(1) time is required.

4. Stacks

Stacks are one of the simpler data structures and are pretty easy to master. A stack data structure is essentially any real-life stack (think of a stack of boxes or plates) and operates in a LIFO (Last In First Out) manner.

Stacks’ LIFO property means the element you inserted last will be accessed first. You cannot access elements below the top element in a stack without popping the elements above it.

Stacks have two primary operations—push and pop. Push is used to insert an element into the stack, and pop removes the topmost element from the stack.

They also have plenty of useful applications, so it is very common for interviewers to ask questions related to stacks. Knowing how to reverse a stack and evaluate expressions is quite essential.

5. Queues

Queues are similar to stacks but operate in a FIFO (First In First Out) manner, meaning you can access the elements you inserted earlier. The queue data structure can be visualized as any real-life queue, where people are positioned based on their order of arrival.

Insertion operation of a queue is called enqueue, and deleting/removing an element from the beginning of the queue is referred to as dequeuing.

Related: A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Queues and Priority Queues

Priority queues are an integral application of queues in many vital applications such as CPU scheduling. In a priority queue, elements are ordered according to their priority rather than the order of arrival.

6. Heaps

Heaps are a type of binary tree where nodes are arranged in ascending or descending order. In a Min Heap, the key value of the parent is equal to or less than that of its children, and the root node contains the minimum value of the entire heap.

Similarly, the root node of a Max Heap contains the maximum key value of the heap; you must retain the min/max heap property throughout the heap.

Related: Heaps vs. Stacks: What Sets Them Apart?

Heaps have plenty of applications due to their very efficient nature; primarily, priority queues are often implemented through heaps. They are also a core component in heapsort algorithms.

Learn Data Structures

Data structures can seem harrowing at first but devote enough time, and you’ll find them easy as pie.

They are a vital part of programming, and almost every project will require you to use them. Knowing what data structure is ideal for a given scenario is critical.

7 Algorithms Every Programmer Should Know

These algorithms are essential to every programmer’s workflow.

Read Next

About The Author

M. Fahad Khawaja
(84 Articles Published)

Fahad is a writer at MakeUseOf and is currently majoring in Computer Science. As an avid tech-writer he makes sure he stays updated with the latest technology. He finds himself particularly interested in football and technology.

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macOS X and its successors have been around since 2001, but those of us who used Apple’s computers in the 20th century remember even earlier versions of the operating system. Designer Michael Feeney imagines what it might have been like if today’s apps ran on the more primitive user interface of macOS 9.

The Awesomer

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This year 3D printing continued its inexorable rise as a powerful, game-changing fabrication technique. Two areas were of interest to us: Pro-level advances achieved by corporations or universities, and the experiments, improved techniques and innovative objects produced by individuals or small teams.

Professional Advances

Argentinian manufacturer Trideo makes a 3D printer so large, it comes on wheels. Their Big T Has a build area of one square meter!

Stratasys wowed us with the bonkers 3D prints that their J8 Polyjet machines are capable of.

Also from Stratasys comes this VeroUltra 3D printing material, which offers crazy level of material realism, convincingly replicating wood, glass and even LED displays. Note that the sweaty bottle and label below were printed in a single shot.

This year we learned about Desktop Metal’s binder jetting, a 3D printing process that uses inkjet print heads to deposit a liquid binding agent onto a powder bed. It can be roughly 100 times faster than laser powder bed fusion systems (see side-by-side comparison below) and looks to be a gamechanger.

Desktop Metal subsidiary Forust is using binder jetting to 3D print wood from sawdust—pretty convincingly, at least in photos.

As for more affordable improvements, Mosaic Manufacturing’s Palette 3 Pro is a filament splicer that allows you to print up to eight colors with your existing single-nozzle 3D printer.

Researchers at USC created a mechanical bed for an FDM 3D printer that allows them to print without support structures.

By studying lobsters and crustaceans, Purdue University researchers discovered that 3D printing in spiral layers adds strength to structures, halting cracks and fractures.

Similarly, researchers at Australia’s RMIT University found that 3D printing concrete in different patterns also positively impacts the strength of a structure.

Moving closer to commercial construction, researchers at Spain’s Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) in Spain have developed a 3D-printed alternative to reinforced concrete beams, made from recycled plastic.

Researchers at Switzerland’s ETH Zürich, along with Zaha Hadid Architects, 3D printed concrete at specific angles to create a new type of bridge. The technique not only uses less material, but enables new types of forms.

As we mentioned in our 2021 roundup post of architecture, this year Habitat for Humanity started building their first 3D-printed houses.

Also this year, a company called Icon started selling "the first 3D-printed homes for sale in the U.S." in Austin, Texas.

Individual/Small Team Efforts

Here’s a handy tip: Stefan over at CNC Kitchen shows you how to make your 3D printer quieter for $2.

After a vintage design for a fractal vise went viral this year, product designer Christopher Borge figured out how to 3D print one.

Digital fabrication enthusiast MakerPaul designed and 3D printed an hourglass-like timer that notifies you when time’s up, and can be instantly reset.

Engineer Akaki Kuumeri brilliantly used 3D-printed flexures to improve an Xbox game controller.

ID student Charlie Ransford developed a 3D-printed turntable.

I know it’s silly, but Oodesign sells this amusing 3D-printed rubber-band-implementing insect cage.

In the name of science and space exploration, mechanical engineer Yuto Kuroki hacked a 3D printer to make sandwiches.

If you’re looking to make money selling self-designed items you can 3D print, you can be inspired by TreeHugger Systems’s smart, low-cost 3D-printed objects to make camping easier.

Lastly, here’s a free resource that should be useful for 2022 and beyond: The Scan the World Open Source Museum offers, for free, 17,000+ scans of famous artworks you can download and 3D print.

Core77

The creator of Laravel, Taylor Otwell, recently introduced a new, improved way to declare accessors and mutators…Laracasts

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After 17 years with MySQL, I wrote a book: Efficient MySQL Performance.

I’ll make a bold claim: a MySQL book like this has never been written—not even close.
The preface explains why this book is unique:

Planet MySQL

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