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How to Explore Datasets in Go

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To analyze a dataset, you first need to understand the data. Sometimes, you might have no forehand knowledge of a dataset, preventing you from getting the most out of it. As a data analyst, you can use Exploratory data analysis (EDA) to gain knowledge of your dataset before in-depth analysis.

Exploratory data analysis (EDA) investigates a dataset to gain meaningful insights. The process of performing EDA involves querying information about the structure and contents of a dataset.

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Installing the Gota Package

The Gota package is the most popular for data analysis in Go; it’s like the Python Pandas package but for Go. The Gota package contains many methods for analyzing datasets and reading JSON, CSV, and HTML formats.

Run this command on your terminal in the directory where you have initialized a Go module file:

go get -u github.com/go-gota/gota

The command will install Gota in the local directory, ready for you to import the package to use it.

Just like Pandas, Gota supports series and dataframes operations. There are two sub-packages in the Gota package: the series, and the dataframe package. You can import either one or both, depending on your needs.

import (
    "github.com/go-gota/gota/series"
    "github.com/go-gota/gota/dataframe"
)

Reading a Dataset Using the Gota Package

You can use any CSV file you like, but the following examples show results from a Kaggle dataset, containing laptop price data.

Gota lets you read CSV, JSON, and HTML file formats to create dataframes using the ReadCSV, ReadJSON, and ReadHTML methods. Here’s how you load a CSV file into a dataframe object:

file, err := os.Open("/path/to/csv-file.csv")

if err != nil {
    fmt.Println("file open error")
}

dataFrame := dataframe.ReadCSV(file)
fmt.Println(dataFrame)

You can use the Open method of the os package to open a CSV file. The ReadCSV method reads the file object and returns a dataframe object.

When you print this object, the output is in a tabular format. You can further manipulate the dataframe object using the various methods Gota provides.

The object will only print some of the columns if a dataset has more than a set value.

Fetching the Dimension of the Dataset

The dimensions of a dataframe are the number of rows and columns it contains. You can fetch these dimensions using the Dims method of the dataframe object.

var rows, columns = dataFrame.Dims()

Replace one of the variables with an underscore to fetch the other dimension only. You can also query the number of rows and columns individually, using the Nrow and Ncol methods.

var rows = dataFrame.Nrow()
var columns = dataFrame.Ncol()

Fetching the Data Types of Columns

You’ll need to know the composite data types in a dataset’s columns to analyze it. You can fetch these using the Types method of your dataframe object:

var types = dataFrame.Types()
fmt.Println(types)

The Types method returns a slice containing the column’s data types:

Fetching the Column Names

You’ll need the column names to select specific columns for operations. You can use the Names method to fetch them.

var columnNames := dataFrame.Names()
fmt.Println(columnNames)

The Names method returns a slice of the column names.

Checking for Missing Values

You might have a dataset that contains null or non-numeric values. You can check for such values using the HasNaN and IsNaN methods of a series object:

aCol := dataFrame.Col("display_size")
var hasNull = aCol.HasNaN()
var isNotNumber = aCol.IsNaN()

HasNan checks if a column contains null elements. IsNaN returns a slice of booleans representing whether each value in the column is a number.

Performing Descriptive Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistical analysis helps you understand the distribution of numerical columns. Using the Describe method, you can generate a descriptive statistical analysis of your dataset:

description := dataFrame.Describe()
fmt.Println(description)

The Describe method returns metrics like the mean, standard deviation, and maximum values of columns in a dataset. It summarizes these in a tabular format.

You can also be specific and focus on columns and metrics by selecting a particular column, then querying for the metric you want. You should first fetch the series representing a specific column, then use its methods like so:

aCol := dataFrame.Col("display_size")
var mean = aCol.Mean()
var median = aCol.Median()
var minimum = aCol.Min()
var standardDeviation = aCol.StdDev()
var maximum = aCol.Max()
var quantiles25 = aCol.Quantile(25.0)

These methods mirror the results from the descriptive statistical analysis that Describe performs.

Fetching the Elements in a Column

One of the final tasks you’ll want to perform is to check the values in a column for a general overview. You can use the Records method to view the values of a column.

aCol := dataFrame.Col("brand")
fmt.Println(aCol.Records())

This method returns a slice of strings containing the values in your selected column:

Exporting a Gota Dataframe to a File

If you choose to go further and use the Gota package for full data analysis, you’ll need to save data in files. You can use the WriteCSV and WriteJSON methods of dataframe to export files. The methods take in a file that you’ll create using the os package’s Create method.

Here’s how you can export a dataframe using the Gota package.

dataFrame := dataframe.ReadCSV(file)
outputFile, err := os.Create("output.csv")

if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

err = dataFrame.WriteCSV(outputFile)

if err != nil {
    log.Fatalln("There was an error writing the dataframe contents to the file")
}

The dataFrame variable is a representation of the dataframe. When you use the Create method of the os package, it creates a new, empty file with the specified name and returns the file. The WriteCSV method takes in the file instance and returns an error or nil if there’s no error.

Exploratory Data Analysis Is Important

An understanding of data and datasets is essential for data analysts and machine learning specialists. It is a critical operation in their work cycle, and exploratory data analysis is one of the techniques they use to achieve that.

There’s more to the Gota package. You can use it for various data wrangling functions in the same way that you’d use the Python Pandas library for data analysis. However, Gota doesn’t support quite as much functionality as Pandas.

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UK Man Vomits for Months, Ends Up in Hospital After Vitamin D Overdose

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Image: Shutterstock (Shutterstock)

Doctors in the UK say a man’s intense supplement regimen landed him in the hospital with vitamin D poisoning. In a new case report, they detail how their patient became sick soon after he started to take large doses of vitamins and minerals. Though vitamin D overdose is uncommon, the study authors say, cases seem to be on the rise globally.

According to the paper, published in BMJ Case Reports, the middle-aged man was referred to an emergency department by his general practitioner. For nearly three months, he had been dealing with a variety of ongoing symptoms, including vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dry mouth, tinnitus, and leg cramps; he had also lost almost 30 pounds. Tests soon ruled out other potential causes of his illness, such as infection. But they revealed evidence of acute kidney injury, as well as much higher levels of vitamin D and calcium (a common sign of vitamin D overdose) than normal in his system.

The man reported that his symptoms began about a month after he decided to take a lengthy list of supplements on the advice of a private nutritionist. But his allotted doses were far higher than the daily recommended amount. He reportedly took 50,000 milligrams of vitamin D, for instance, or almost 100 times the 600 milligrams a day we should be getting. (Other supplements included vitamin K2, vitamin C, vitamin B9, omega 3s, zinc, and magnesium). The man said he did stop taking the cocktail after his symptoms appeared, but they continued nonetheless.

Ultimately, he was placed on intravenous fluids and hospitalized for eight days, with doctors monitoring his blood every day to ensure that he was improving. He was also given counseling and drugs known as bisphosphonates to manage his high calcium levels during and after his hospitalization. Vitamin D is fat-soluble, meaning that it gets absorbed into the body’s fatty tissues and doesn’t quickly dissipate. Two months after his hospital stay, follow-up tests showed that his levels of calcium had returned to near-normal, but not his levels of vitamin D.

People naturally get vitamin D from food or from regular exposure to sunlight. And while there is some evidence that many people may have insufficient vitamin D levels, there’s no evidence that taking megadoses of vitamin D or other supplements will improve health. On the other hand, vitamin D intoxication, or hypervitaminosis D, is almost always linked to improper supplementation. Data is sparse on how often it happens, but a 2016 analysis of U.S. poison control data found over 25,000 reports related to vitamin D documented between 2000 and 2014. Most reports of illness were mild to moderate, with no related deaths, but exposures did seem to become more common over time—a trend noted by the current study authors.

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“Globally, there is a growing trend of hypervitaminosis D, a clinical condition characterized by elevated serum vitamin D3 levels,” they wrote, adding that cases are more common in women, children, and surgical patients.

Supplements can be useful for certain groups, such as people with clear nutritional deficiencies or pregnant people who need extra folic acid. But many doctors remain skeptical of their use for the average person. Indeed, an influential panel of experts recently recommended against taking vitamin E or beta-carotene supplements to prevent cancer or heart disease, citing the lack of good evidence for their benefits as well as some evidence that they can actually be harmful. Vitamin D overdoses like this current case aren’t common, but it is yet another example of why supplements aren’t quite as useful or harmless as commonly believed.

“This case report further highlights the potential toxicity of supplements that are largely considered safe until taken in unsafe amounts or in unsafe combinations,” the authors wrote.

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Video: A rare, unique view of fireworks launching and igniting from a barge

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Every year, the United States celebrates its birthday on July 4th. In practically any town, large or small, fireworks are launched in celebration of the country’s independence. While some displays are captivating, there are many more amateur efforts in play. Furthermore, most people tend to capture them with a smartphone.

Luckily, New Hampshire native Ron Risman has neighbors with a pyrotechnic expert in the family. He was given the go-ahead to place a Go Pro HERO8 camera between explosives on the barge so it could capture them, launching and igniting, from a unique angle. Titled ‘Finale,’ the three-and-a half minute clip provides the point of view as if you were sitting in the thick of it.

A Go Pro HERO8 camera (bottom-left) was carefully mounted on a barge to capture the fireworks being launched into the sky.

‘I felt this could be an interesting perspective as long as the GoPro was able to expose properly for the fireworks. I set the Go Pro HERO8 to record in 4K/60p resolution with a wide lens and 2-stops underexposed. The exposure setting worked out perfectly to capture the color and beauty of the explosions,’ Risman tells DPReview.

To stabilize the camera for smoother footage, the GoPro was placed into a an X-PWR H8 cage that was mounted to a magic arm. That arm was then mounted to a Platypod Pro to give it additional surface and stability. This was all nailed to temporary plywood on the dock so that it wouldn’t move when nearby explosives ignited.

The GoPro was connected to an external battery pack using a 3BR Powersports X-PWR H8 external power cable. The only shortcoming in the planning process came down to a matter of time: a 128GB microSD card can only record for two-and-a-half hours at 4K/60p.

The Go Pro HERO8 survived the launch site on the barge (pictured).

Recording began at 7:20 pm, as the barge started floating out on the lake. The action concluded around 9:20 pm, meaning he was able to capture everything he wanted last night. ‘By the end of the show I had no idea whether the camera survived or whether or not the camera was still recording, but fortunately everything went as planned and the footage captured was as spectacular as I had hoped it would be,’ Risman adds.

Risman edited the footage using Adobe’s Premiere Pro on his MacBook Pro. He watched the footage at both regular speed and 4X slow motion before settling on an edit that highlights the latter for more of an impact. The soundtrack ‘Fractured Time’ by Cody Martin was licensed via Soundstripe. All in all, this is truly a fitting ‘finale’ for a long Holiday weekend.

Articles: Digital Photography Review (dpreview.com)

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Dude Sets Off Pikachu Firework Inside House, Cries for His Mama When He Realizes It Was a Stupid Idea

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The 4th of July is a time for setting off fireworks from July 1 until July 9 or so. Outside. In an unenclosed space. Because fireworks are what we call "flammable." When you light something with a flame, that flame burns a string, and the string sets off an explosive, all three of those things are caused by fire. That’s why you light fireworks OUTSIDE! Do you feel me?

One Twitch streamer was unaware of how fire, incidentally devices, and hot things worked. So he lit a Pikachu explosive on his bed. The Pikachu was embarrassing enough, but the ensuing reaction gives us an epic fail not seen since some dude’s cat attacked him over voting rights. Shout out to Not the Bee.

His mother was NOT amused. And if the dude shut off his live stream as his mother asked, it would have saved him the embarrassment of being screamed at by her.

Or the embarrassment of the fire department needing to show up.

The real shame is that had he set off Pikachu outside, it would have looked sick. It’s not like they don’t make vlogging tripods that allow you to stream outside. It’s every third Instagram advertisement. Maybe invest in some mobile equipment instead of setting your bedroom on fire.

That’s at least if the dude is still allowed to live stream after this unfortunate occurrence. If it was my mother, I’d have the internet taken away until I thought about what I did.

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Laravel DB Sync

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Laravel DB Sync

DB Dync

Introduction

Sync remote database to a local database

A word of warning you should only sync a remote database into a local database if you have permission to do so within your organisation’s policies. I’m syncing during early phases of development where the data is largely test data and not actual customer data.

Connection can be made over SSH or using a remote MySQL connection.

Install

Install the package.

composer require dcblogdev/laravel-db-sync

Config

You can publish the config file with:

php artisan vendor:publish --provider="Dcblogdev\DbSync\DbSyncServiceProvider" --tag="config"

.env

Set the remote database credentials in your .env file

When using SSH Add:

REMOTE_USE_SSH=true
REMOTE_SSH_PORT=22
REMOTE_SSH_USERNAME=
REMOTE_DATABASE_HOST=

REMOTE_DATABASE_USERNAME=
REMOTE_DATABASE_NAME=
REMOTE_DATABASE_PASSWORD=
REMOTE_DATABASE_IGNORE_TABLES=''

REMOTE_REMOVE_FILE_AFTER_IMPORT=true
REMOTE_IMPORT_FILE=true

For only MySQL remote connections:

REMOTE_DATABASE_HOST=
REMOTE_DATABASE_USERNAME=
REMOTE_DATABASE_NAME=
REMOTE_DATABASE_PASSWORD=
REMOTE_DATABASE_IGNORE_TABLES=''

REMOTE_REMOVE_FILE_AFTER_IMPORT=true
REMOTE_IMPORT_FILE=true

Set a comma seperate list of tables NOT to export in REMOTE_DATABASE_IGNORE_TABLES

Usage

To export a remote database to OVERRIDE your local database by running:

php artisan db:production-sync

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Happy Independence Day 2022

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Yep, no doubt about it, this year I keep thinking about the words of Benjamin Franklin “A Republic if you can keep it” in response to being asked what kind of government had been established for the new formed United States.

So, since I have veggie hot dogs to grill I’ve just got a few thoughts for today. Some snarky, some serious, some funny. Sort of like a family potluck.

First, encouraging words from President Puddin’ Head

 

 

Typical Biden

Let’s try that again

The founding of our nation wasn’t a joke though, men and women of valor fought very hard to give us the freedom that people are squandering and taking for granted.

The Signers of the Declaration of Independence

And because of their vision, hard work and sacrifice we, have a chance to strive to be uncommon.

The American’s Creed

But the signers knew what they were doing, they knew the formula that would be needed in the future to preserve the freedom that tyrants always seek to snatch away.

Mere peasants?
Independence Day-brought to you by firearms

And I will leave you with this video of the history of the Star Spangled Banner. I didn’t get a Puffs warning, but I’m saying it might be good to have one close by.

Happy Birthday beloved America

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