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Save 1.2 million queries per day with Laravel Eager Loading

https://inspector.dev/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/laravel-eager-loading-inspector-cover.png

Since various elements of the Inspector backend rely on Laravel, I worked a lot with the ORM component myself, and its Eager Loading features.

The tradeoff in using an ORM always remains tremendously positive for developers. Laravel Eloquent (the Laravel’s ORM) has meant for me a huge increase in productivity and flexibility in building Inspector.

But it’s a technical tool. As our application grows or is subject to ever higher load, we need to improve the use we make of our technology stack.

As I always say to my collaborators “it’s a good thing”. It’s because the business is growing.

I’m Valerio, software engineer and CTO at Inspector. In this article I’ll show you how I saved 1.2 million queries per day using Eager Loading correctly.

Let’s first clarify what eager loading in Laravel means before continuing.

Eager Loading in Laravel

Working with databases is incredibly easy thanks to object relational mapping (ORM). Although querying related model data is made simple by object-oriented definitions of database relationships, developers could overlook the underlying database calls

Eloquent is part of Laravel and makes working with your database fun.

How is the ORM expected to understand your intentions, after all? 

Eager Loading means you get all of the required data at the same time. In contrast, Lazy Loading only retrieves related things when they are actually needed and only gives you one item at a time. 

Let me show you a real life example. Consider a database with two tables: posts and comments.

A post naturally contains numerous comments since all comments have a post_id field on them that links them to the corresponding posts (1 to N relation or hasMany). 

Below there are the Post and Comment Eloquent models.

namespace App\Models;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Post extend Model
{
    /**
     * The comments associated to the post.
     */
    public function comments(): HasMany
    {
	return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
    }
}
namespace App\Models;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Comment extend Model
{
    /**
     * The Post that own the comment.
     */
    public function comments(): BelongsTo
    {
	return $this->belongsTo(Post::class);
    }
}

Let’s say that the posts table contains 10 items. To access all posts, we just need to:

$posts = Post::all();

Then, to get every comment connected to a post, we might do something like this:

foreach ($posts as $post) {
    echo $post->comments->count();
}

The initial query will run once to retrieve all the posts, followed by further 10 requests to retrieve the corresponding comments. The total number of queries is now 11. 

Putting posts in a foreach loop N stands for the number of rows retrieved from the posts table, which in this case is 10, plus one related to the comments relation, so the formula utilized is N + 1.

That is nothing more than lazy loading. However, with eager loading, we only need to run two queries to retrieve the 10 posts and their comments. 

$posts = Post::with('comments')->get();
foreach ($posts as $post){
    echo $post->comment->count();
}

We have concurrently loaded all 10 posts and their comments using the “with” method. Eloquent will hydrate the internal comment property of the post model, so when you use it in your code it won’t run a new query but can rely on previously fetched data. This will avoid the additional (+1) query on each post’s iteration.

Since various elements of the Inspector backend system rely on it, I worked a lot with this framework’s component myself. Later I will explain how I saved more than 1 million queries per day using this technique.

Eager Loading Multiple Relationships

Let’s imagine that our Post model has another relationship, such as Category:

namespace App\Models;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Post extend Model
{
    /**
     * The category that own the post.
     */
    public function category(): HasMany
    {
	return $this->belongsTo(Category::class);
    }
	
    /**
     * The comments associated to the post.
     */
    public function comments(): HasMany
    {
	return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
    }
}

We can simply retrieve the relationships without our code needing to hit the database repeatedly:

$posts = Post::with('comments', 'category')->get();
foreach ($posts as $post) {
    echo "Category name is {$post->category->name}";
    foreach ($post->comments as $comment){
        echo "Comment is {$comment->message}";
    }
}

Useful if you plan to loop for more relationships during the rest of the execution.

There are many other options you can use to take advantage from this feature, so I strongly recommend that you consult the official documentation for all possible configurations: 

https://laravel.com/docs/master/eloquent-relationships#eager-loading

How I saved 1.2 million queries per day with Laravel Eager Loading

Recently we decided to rely on a Cache layer in order to offload the SQL database from some queries that are executed millions of times every day.

The cache layer is structured following the Repository Pattern. You can read more about our implementation in the article below:

Following the same schema of the example above with posts and comments, our users can have multiple subscription plans.

In the cache layer we cache the result of the query below:

public function get($id): User
{
    return User::with('plans')->findOrFail($id);
}

But later we used the “plans” relation to retrieve the most recent subscription as below:

if ($this->hasSubscription()) {
    return $this->plans()->first();
}

Here was the bug.

In order to use the eager loaded plans we have to use the $this->plans property not the method. 

Invoking $this->plans() Eloquent will run the query again. 

It was enough to remove the parentheses from the statement to tell Eloquent to use preloaded records and avoid the execution of 1.2 million queries per day.

if ($this->hasSubscription()) {
    return $this->plans->first();
}

In the image below you can see the magnitude of reduction in the number of queries per second.

Laravel Eager loading inspector monitoring

Conclusion

The advantage of eager loading over lazy loading is that everything is available at once. Users experience no lag when obtaining data, and the number of queries they send to the database is drastically reduced.

The cons are: 

  • The initial query takes a little more time to run
  • Naturally loading more records needs more memory
  • And more bandwidth to transmit more data

Try Inspector for free as you long as you want

As a busy developer, the time and money it saves you when it comes to monitoring and error detection is worth 10x more than the monthly subscription!

Inspector is usable by any IT leader who doesn’t need anything complicated. If you want good automation, deep insights, and the ability to forward alerts and notifications into your messaging environment try Inspector for free.

Or learn more on the website: https://inspector.dev

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How to Visualize Ping Responses on Linux With gping

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ping is a simple yet essential tool for diagnosing network issues on Linux. It can help you check your network connection, see if a remote machine is online, and play a vital part in analyzing connectivity issues, such as dropped packages or high latency.

But as important as the ping command is, it’s not the most interesting to look at, and interpreting its output in a useful way can be difficult. gping is a graphical command-line utility with additional features which make it easy to visualize ping responses from multiple targets.

What Is ping, and How Does It Work?

ping is a Linux command which uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a remote host. This means that if you:

ping google.com

…your computer sends a ping to google.com, and google.com echoes it back to your local machine.

The terminal output will display the remote IP address along with other information including the time it took for the response to reach your machine. ping will continue sending requests until you tell it to stop.

In addition to specifying the remote host, ping accepts a number of arguments of different utility, including timestamps, how many ping requests to send, and flood, which outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hundred times per second, whichever is more.

ping comes preinstalled on most Linux systems, but if you can’t find it on yours, install it with:

sudo apt install inetutils-ping

You can get command-line help for ping by running:

man ping

How Is gping Better Than Ping, and How Do You Install It?

gping doesn’t offer as many options as ping. You can’t use it to flood a target host, for instance, but it has a couple of killer features that make it stand out. The main one is the ability to ping multiple targets simultaneously and provide output as a color-coded graph.

This allows you to easily see the response of targets over time, and recognize patterns. This can help you tell if there are any issues with remote hosts, which is the optimal host to connect to, or if there is a problem with your own connection.

To install gping on Debian-based distros, first, add the PPA key to your sources:

echo "deb http:
wget -qO - https:

Now update and install gping:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install gping

Run the following command to install gping on Fedora:

sudo dnf copr enable atim/gping -y && sudo dnf install gping

On Arch Linux:

pacman -S gping

To install gping on Gentoo, run:

sudo eselect repository enable dm9pZCAq
sudo emerge
sudo emerge net-misc/gping::dm9pZCAq

If you have Snap on your Linux system, you can install the gping snap package with:

sudo snap install gping

How to Use gping to Visualize Ping Responses on Linux

gping is easy to use and accepts multiple hostnames as arguments. To see a ping response graph from BBC, Google, Bing, and CNN, you would run:

gping bbc.co.uk google.com bing.com cnn.com

…and gping will get to work pinging the specified hosts and graphing the results for your inspection. Colors are allocated by gping, although you can assign colors to individual hosts with the –color or -c switch:

gping bbc.co.uk --color cyan

You can also change the watch interval from the default 0.2 seconds value with the -n or –watch-interval flags.

That’s all gping does. While it doesn’t have the same breadth of configuration options as ping, it’s a powerful tool in the shed for anyone with an interest in networks.

Start a Career as a Network Engineer!

Getting a basic understanding of networks and responses is essential if you want to pursue a career as a network engineer, and both ping and gping can help you develop an instinctive grasp of how machines communicate across a network.

But they’re only the start of your journey, and if you hope to one day get a job in the field, you need to pursue proper certifications from teaching and awarding bodies.

MUO – Feed

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Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3’s First Trailer Is Big on Rocket

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To get to the end, you must go back to the beginning. That’s what writer-director James Gunn has been saying about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, the final film in his time with the Marvel heroes, which will finally reveal where and how Rocket Raccoon came to be.

You get a little of that in this first trailer for the May 5 release, which brings back all the original stars, and a few new ones too. Chris Pratt, Dave Bautista, Pom Klementieff, Karen Gillan, and Sean Gunn make up the current Guardians (along with the voices of Vin Diesel and Bradley Cooper, of course). And after dying, traveling back through time, and now once again existing, Zoe Saldaña is back as well. Will Poulter joins the story as the much-anticipated Adam Warlock, Maria Bakalova is the voice of Cosmo, and, well, check out the trailer to see the rest.

Marvel Studios’ Guardians of the Galaxy Volume 3 | Official Trailer

Next year will serve fans a sandwich of theatrical MCU films and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is the meat. It starts with Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania on February 17, moves on to Guardians 3 in May, and then The Marvels on July 28. All three should be fun but you just look at Guardians, especially after this trailer, as something special. Gunn completing his trilogy of films, really putting his stamp on not just these characters, but the MCU. The fact it’s going to bring together Rocket’s story while also introducing Adam Warlock, leaving more space for the universe to go. There’s just so much potential here. We’re very excited, what about you?

Written and directed by James Gunn, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 will kick off the summer movie season on May 5, 2023.

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Want more io9 news? Check out when to expect the latest Marvel, Star Wars, and Star Trek releases, what’s next for the DC Universe on film and TV, and everything you need to know about James Cameron’s Avatar: The Way of Water.

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The 13 Best New .22 Pistols to Hit the Market in 2022

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Every year, the firearms industry launches a variety of new guns for the market. It is usually a spectrum of new blasters that range from high-end bolt guns and ARs to special shotguns and pistols. While small themes have appeared in the past, they have been centered on a small sector of the industry. That changed this year, as multiple companies decided to hop on the .22 rimfire bandwagon. In the past, these guns were not anything new, and each year we saw a new plinker hit the market.

Best New .22 Pistols for 2022

This year though, we have seen major companies build serious guns chambered in our beloved .22 LR. They are well designed and, in almost all cases, designed to mimic a full-size gun in their lineup. The benefits of this design are numerous, and they have been warmly welcomed by the shooting public. While there have been many released in this space, there are three that have really stood out.

FN 502 Tactical

The FN 502 in .22 LR.

While some may argue this, it is my opinion that the release of the FN 502 Tactical really started this “tactical .22” trend. The FN 502 Tactical is the first .22 LR from FN and is the industry’s first slide-mounted, optics-ready rimfire handgun that has ever existed. This is truly a tactical plinker. FN really started this “tactical pistol” trend with the FNX Tactical chambered in .45 ACP all those years ago. The FN 502 follows that DNA and represents a new trend in guns designed for training. The gun is a product of a partnership with Umarex based in Germany. While some know Umarex for their air guns, they have extensive experience in the .22 rimfire world. FN worked closely with Umarex during the design and engineering process and ended up with a gun that meets what people expect from an FN pistol.

This hammer-fired .22 LR comes optic ready with a threaded barrel to mount your suppressor. Many of you recognize the gun as very close in appearance and size to its big brother, the FN 509. Like its centerfire counterpart, the FN 502 has solid ergonomics as well as ambidextrous controls. The slide is aircraft-grade anodized aluminum and steel. It has well-designed front and rear cocking serrations for easy manipulation as well as a loaded chamber indicator. In that FN designed the gun to run optics and a can, it comes with suppressor-height fixed front and rear sights. It ships with both 10-round and 15-round magazines. This is essentially a full-size gun and fits in most holsters made for the 509. This is not an accident, as the 502 is designed to be a rimfire trainer.

Rounds Downrange

On the range, the FN 502 lives up to the hype. The gun has a full-size feel while running the soft-shooting .22 LR round. While the trigger is officially listed at 5 pounds, the gun I had broke well under 4 pounds. The trigger is one area that is different from the 509 and, by necessity, because of design. It is a bit long but not a deal breaker. I ran a variety of ammo including Federal 36-grain CCI Clean-22 and Aguila Sniper subsonic. Each of these flavors ran well in the 502, and I had no issues.

I also ran it suppressed, and the gun continued to run. A quick disassembly following the range session showed that while the FN 502 is a “tactical trainer,” it is still a .22 and was filthy inside. This was compounded by my extensive use of a suppressor. No worries though, as it cleaned up easily. I give the FN 502 high marks and tip my hat to FN for really pushing the tactical trainer market. (fnamerica.com)

Sig Sauer P322

The SIG P322 in .22 LR

Next in our lineup is the Sig P322. Like FN’s offering, the P322 is a tactical-style, optics-ready pistol with a threaded barrel. Sig has come up with 21 reasons to own this gun, but I will break it down to what I feel are the most important. First up, the gun has a 21-round capacity. The gun comes with two easy-to-load 20-round mags, and Sig also included a mag loader. Optics-wise, the gun is cut to fit all the most common micro red-dots including the Sig Romeo Zero.

Unlike the FN, the Sig P322 uses a threaded barrel adapter. To move to the threaded option, the low-profile thread protector on the barrel is unscrewed, and the threaded adapter is put in its place. It is a very simple and reliable design that will allow you to run your new .22 suppressed. Adding a suppressor does not affect performance at all. When Sig did their testing on the gun, they ran a wide variety of suppressors to make sure it did not affect performance.

Some of the other features include a 1913 rail, manual safety, ambidextrous controls and well-designed cocking serrations. One of the most interesting things about the gun is its ability to use either a flat face trigger or a traditional rounded version. Sig includes both with the gun, and they are very easy to switch out. They are essentially a face that sits on a metal trigger frame. The P322 has a fixed barrel, which improves accuracy. With that, Sig has included an adjustable rear sight to help you fine-tune your gun.

Ergonomic Design

The P322 has an ergonomic design and is easy to disassemble. With an eye on lifespan as well as recoil reduction, Sig has made the frame from stainless steel. With a stainless steel frame, the obvious balance for weight was to make the slide out of aluminum. This does help keep the gun light yet durable. In fact, it is an aluminum alloy that helps increase the long-term life of the slide. Simply put, you will not wear out the slide. The gun also has a well-designed and fast integrated mag well.

Performance-wise, the gun is a shooter. The P322 is designed to run 1,000 rounds between stoppages. Sig even has a designated testing gun that is at 24,000 rounds and still running. The key to all this is a fluted barrel that allows the P322 to eat anything you feed it. I ran the same ammo in the Sig as I did with the FN and had the same results. The lightweight nature of the gun made it very fast and easy to shoot. When suppressed, it became “Hollywood” quiet and still ran fine. The P322 is everything you would expect from Sig. It has a close resemblance to the P320 and handles like a full-size gun. The P322 is a solid choice for not only training but enjoyable range time as well. (sigsauer.com)

Walther WMP

The Walther WMP in .22 Magnum.

The last in our trio of .22s is the Walther WMP. This gun is a little bit of a departure from our previous two guns because we move from .22 LR to .22 WMR. This new pistol starts to cross over into a more serious caliber that some consider viable for personal protection. That debate will have to wait for another day, but the new WMP is a very nice gun. Like our other guns, the WMP is optics ready. I was disappointed to note it did not come with a threaded barrel, but it is obviously not a deal breaker. For those familiar with Walther, you will recognize the ambidextrous triggerguard magazine release.

Walther has gone a step further though and made a patented mag release mechanism that uses both a paddle release and a button release. This is a 15+1 capacity gun and comes with two magazines in the box. The Walther WMP features a lightweight machined slide that is made of premium 7075 aluminum, reducing the pistol’s weight and making it very comfortable to carry. Sight-wise, the WMP features a fiber-optic front sight and a serrated rear sight. The pistol comes with two different height rear sights to change the point of impact if needed. Like the Sig, the gun’s chamber has been fluted to work across a wider variety of ammunition types. Lastly, the trigger is a good double-action design that features Walther’s trigger safety.

Fun to Shoot

On the range, the gun was very enjoyable to shoot. Compared to its .22 LR range mates, the WMR had significantly more punch. Running a Trijicon RMR seemed to be the perfect fit for this gun. While I was not hard focused on testing for groups, I did take time to see what I could get. I was pleasantly surprised with a 1.5-inch group at 25 yards. The gun ran well, and I fed it CCI Maxi-Mag 40 grain. I had no malfunctions during the testing but know of some issues other writers have had.

Walther provides a recommended ammo list on their website, and I encourage you to follow it. While I would prefer a gun that runs everything, the .22 ammo market is a weird creature sometimes that makes it hard for gun companies to work around. The Walther WMP is a very enjoyable gun to run and would make a great addition to anyone’s collection.

The .22 pistol market has grown up and is no longer just the place for plinkers. These three guns are serious and allow us to get trigger time at a fraction of the cost we see with standard guns. They are well made and are great training options. On top of that, they are fun to shoot and can be a great way to teach people to shoot. As Phil Strader, director of Firearms Product Management at Sig, shared with me, “This is a gateway gun.” While he was referring to the P322, the same holds true for all these pistols. (waltherarms.com)

FN 502 Specs

  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel Length: 4.6 inches
  • OA Length: 7.6 inches
  • Weight: 23.7 ounces (empty)
  • Grips: Polymer
  • Sights: Suppressor-height, fixed front and rear
  • Action: Semi-auto
  • Capacity: 10+1, 15+1
  • MSRP: $519

Sig Sauer P322 Specs

  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel Length: 4 inches
  • OA Length: 7 inches
  • Weight: ounces 17.1 ounces (empty)
  • Grips: Polymer
  • Sights: Fiber-optic front, adjustable rear
  • Action: Semi-auto
  • Capacity: 20+1
  • MSRP: $399

Walther WMP Specs

  • Caliber: .22 WMR
  • Barrel Length: 4.5 inches
  • OA Length: 8.2 inches
  • Weight: 27.8 ounces (empty)
  • Grips: Polymer
  • Sights: Fiber-optic front, serrated rear
  • Action: Semi-auto
  • Capacity: 15+1
  • MSRP: $549

THE .22 HITS KEEP ON COMING IN 2022

Browning Buck Mark Plus Vision Black/Gold Suppressor Ready

The Browning Buck Mark Plus Vision Black/Gold Suppressor Ready is a good-looking .22 LR pistol. Its good looks are based on the mix of a black frame and a gold Cerakote barrel. The gun features a green TruGlo/Marble Arms fiber-optic front sight, a gold-plated trigger and a superb black radial ported muzzle brake. The gun uses straight blowback, recoil-operated engineering. The barrel runs 5.88 inches long and is suppressor ready. The gun’s hexagonal-cut sleeve encapsulates the narrower diameter barrel.

Browning Buck Mark

The gun’s weight is minimal at just 27 ounces and is 9.9 inches long overall. The pistol has many ergonomic touches. The slide even features protruding grip wings behind the serrations for easier racking. The Picatinny rail slide top, thread protector and trigger’s inner curve are all serrated either for glare-cutting or a better grip. The matte black racetrack oval alloy triggerguard has an ergonomic undercut behind it with an ambidextrous magazine release just above that. The short-pull trigger is gold plated alloy, echoing the gold Buck Mark under the triggerguard. The gun shoots as good as it looks. (browning.com)

  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 5.88 inches
  • OA Length: 9.9 inches
  • Weight: 27 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Fiber-optic front, white outline pro target rear
  • Grips: Polymer
  • Finish: Black anodized
  • Capacity: 10 rounds
  • MSRP: $779

Charter Arms Target Pathfinder

The new Target Pathfinder is a great introductory revolver for the novice shooter or anyone who needs a low-recoil revolver. It has the look, feel and weight of a higher-caliber revolver, allowing you to gain proficiency while using relatively inexpensive .22 ammo.

Charter Arms Target Pathfinder in .22 LR

The .22 Pathfinder can turn a few tin cans into an afternoon of fun. As with other 22s, it is equally effective at eliminating pests. Its stainless finish with black rubber grips with finger grooves rounds out the overall aesthetic. (charterarms.com)

  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 4.2 inches
  • OA Length: 9.07 inches
  • Weight: 24 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Ramp front with a wide post, adjustable rear
  • Grips: Rubber with finger grooves
  • Finish: Anodized/stainless steel
  • Capacity: 8
  • MSRP: $426

Colt King Cobra Target .22

One of the most iconic revolvers of all time is the Colt Python. In fact, their entire line of “snake” guns is considered the gold standard of wheelguns. Well, the snake lovers now have a new gun to add to the collection. Colt has launched the King Cobra Target .22 LR, bringing a competition, plinking and game-getting revolver to the market. The King Cobra Target packs 10 rounds of .22 LR into its cylinder. The gun fits a variety of applications and is equally capable on the farm or in competition The one-piece stainless steel barrel delivers accuracy as well, according to Colt. It comes topped with an adjustable target rear sight and fiber-optic front sight and is fitted with Hogue overmolded rubber grips. The King Cobra Target in .22 LR comes fitted with either a 4- or 6-inch barrel and has the classic stainless finish. (colt.com)

Colt King Cobra Target 22
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 4 and 6 inches
  • OA Length: 11.5 inches
  • Weight: 32 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Fiber-optic front, adjustable rear
  • Grips: Hogue
  • Finish: Stainless
  • Capacity: 10 rounds
  • MSRP: $999

Heritage Rough Rider Tactical Cowboy

Heritage says it best when they said, ”For making tin cans dance in the backyard, pinging steel, or controlling pests and varmints around the farm, nothing beats the low-cost, high-adrenaline thrill of a single-action rimfire revolver.” Heritage Rough Rider Tactical Cowboy fits that role perfectly. While chambered in .22 LR, it is also compatible with the .22 WMR cylinder, allowing you to shoot either .22 LR or .22 WMR ammo. The new Heritage Rough Rider Tactical Cowboy features modern-day technology into an old classic world design. The barrel is threaded for accessories like compensators and suppressors. The Picatinny rail allows the user to add different optics if desired but also works as a rear open sight to be used with the bright front fiber-optic sight. (heritagemfg.com)

Heritage Rough Rider Tactical Cowboy
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 6.5 inches
  • OA Length: 11.85 inches
  • Weight: 32.1 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Fiber-optic front, rear Picatinny rail
  • Grips: Carbon fiber
  • Finish: Black standard
  • Capacity: 6
  • MSRP: $213

KelTec CP33

KelTec felt the .22 market needed an update, so they released the CP33. CP stands for Competition Pistol, and 33 because it holds a staggering 33 rounds in the magazine. Equipped with a Picatinny-style top rail and a Magpul ‎M-Lok slot built into the dust cover, the CP33 is ready to accept your favorite optics and accessories. Train, compete, plink and repeat. If you’d like to do it quietly, simply attach your favorite .22 suppressor. As ambidextrous as this handgun can be, the CP33 offers a safety lever on both sides of the grip, a heel catch magazine release and a unique charging handle located at the back of the receiver. Adjustable fiber-optic sights, a 9-inch sight radius and threaded barrel come standard, making short work of bullseyes and other targets. (keltecweapons.com)

KelTec CP33
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 5.5 inches
  • OA Length: 10.6 inches
  • Weight: 1.5 pounds (empty)
  • Sights: Adjustable fiber optics
  • Grips: Polymer
  • Finish: Anodized
  • Capacity: 33+1
  • MSRP: $600

Ruger Mark IV 22/45 Lite

Let’s take a look at Ruger’s new Mark IV 22/45 Lite. This is a small and versatile .22 LR pistol built to fill a variety of needs. If you’re looking for a rimfire pistol for Steel Challenge, a .22 LR to mount a suppressor on or just something to plink with at the range, you may be interested in picking one up. The Mark IV line of Ruger pistols was introduced in 2016 and is the fourth-generation successor of the Ruger Standard. This pistol is yet another extension of Ruger’s popular .22 pistol lineup. Accurate, fun to shoot and reliable, the Mark IV 22/45 Lite promises to be a solid part of the Ruger legacy. (ruger.com)

Ruger Mark IV 22/45 Lite
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 4.4 inches
  • OA Length: 8.4 inches
  • Weight: 25 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Blade front, adjustable rear
  • Grips: Polymer
  • Finish: Anodized
  • Capacity: 10+1
  • MSRP: $699

Ruger Wrangler 2016 Birdshead Revolver

When you think of .22 wheelguns, one of the first companies to come to mind is Ruger. This year, Ruger is adding to its Wrangler single-action .22 Long Rifle revolver line with a more compact version featuring a gracefully curved birdshead grip, smooth black polymer grip panels and a barrel that has been shortened from 4.62 inches to 3.75 inches. This gun is based on the company’s six-shot Single-Six and similarly features steel cylinders and cold-hammer-forged steel barrels. The revolver is offered in a variety of colors with a black, silver or burnt bronze Cerakote finish. A transfer-bar safety system and a loading gate interlock safety guard against unintentional discharges. Wranglers employ the same classic blade front sights and fixed notch rear sights found on Ruger’s Vaquero and Bearcat models. It is a great new member of their lineup. (ruger.com)

Ruger Wrangler 2016 Birdshead Revolver
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 3.75 inches
  • OA Length: 8.62 inches
  • Weight: 28 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Blade front, integral rear
  • Grips: Synthetic
  • Finish: Silver Cerakote
  • Capacity: 6
  • MSRP: $279

Standard Mfg. SG22

Standard Manufacturing brings a classic look back to life with their SG22. This new .22 LR semi-automatic pistol is reminiscent of the well-loved Colt Woodsman. This beautiful gun possesses the classic styling and design elements of the quintessential guns of yesteryear. The Standard SG22 features a button magazine release, target grips and sights, which make it ideal for target shooting. A 6.62-inch barrel allows for superb accuracy and handling. If you are looking for a classic look with the benefits of modern manufacturing, Standard’s SG22 needs to be on your list. (stdgun.com)

Standard Mfg. SG22
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 6.62 inches
  • OA Length: 10 inches
  • Weight: 30 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Blade front, adjustable rear
  • Grips: Walnut
  • Finish: Blued
  • Capacity: 10+1
  • MSRP: $1,099

S&W 317 Kit Gun

Smith & Wesson J-Frame revolvers have been around since 1950. These small revolvers were designed to fire a full-power round and are as simple and easy to use as they are reliable. Available in various calibers and with three diverse hammer designs, it is no surprise that the Smith & Wesson J-Frame has become the most popular small-frame defense revolver on the market. Now you can get that J-Frame happiness in .22 LR with the 317. Built on an aluminum-alloy J-frame and chambered in .22 Long Rifle, this lightweight revolver is small enough to be carried inside a hunter or fisherman’s kit bag, as its name suggests. It is a classic S&W J-Frame and enjoyable to shoot. (smith-wesson.com)

S&W 317 Kit Gun
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 3 inches
  • OA Length: 7.19 inches
  • Weight: 11.7 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: HI-VIZ fiber-optic green front, adjustable rear
  • Grips: Synthetic
  • Finish: Matte silver and stainless
  • Capacity: 8
  • MSRP: $826

Taurus TX 22 Competition

Taurus enters the field with their TX 22 Competition. This full-size, semi-auto rimfire was re-engineered by Taurus to meet your most rigorous performance demands. The upgraded, optics-ready slide and 5-inch threaded bull barrel assembly bring match-grade accuracy and versatility to any shooting discipline, giving today’s competitive shooters the unique opportunity to shatter records without breaking the bank. While built with competition in mind, the gun is equally as much fun on the range shooting cans. (taurususa.com)

Taurus TX 22 Competition
  • Caliber: .22 LR
  • Barrel: 5 inches
  • OA Length: 8.15 inches
  • Weight: 23 ounces (empty)
  • Sights: Fixed white-dot front, adjustable rear white dot
  • Grips: Polymer
  • Finish: Hard anodize
  • Capacity: 16+1/10+1
  • MSRP: $589

This article originally appeared in the September-October issue of Tactical Life magazine. Get your copy or subscribe at OutdoorGroupStore.com.

Our feature story covers the year of the .22.
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The post The 13 Best New .22 Pistols to Hit the Market in 2022 appeared first on Tactical Life Gun Magazine: Gun News and Gun Reviews.

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Generate Invisible Primary Key (GIPK) MySQL 8.0

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/kzS5w9VmGnAz2f5H70FnI8TiFbepEQM4940WQlEPz5R6nWEZ8axWFMRPIGL4Z2pKnFTvadFdtG4KLYt5MXGzIoUZZZhjAPD5K7SPdB-9ZXHiPM9yzts2NrcKjoI0s6kJ2kAt05Mx1ix95ACq6LHOTOsibcOjAiiDxkVblglYOOetWRbD0SXdaGTJR63eug

The Primary key is like the hero of a row, which has more beneficial features in the table while performing any task on the table.

The DBA knows the importance of the primary key in the table and how to handle it.

  1. Notable features of having a primary key:
  2. Requirements:
  3. Enabling GIPK:
  4. Handling GIPK:
  5. Benchmarking
    1. Data loading :
  6. Limitations:
  7. Conclusion:

Notable features of having a primary key:

  1. Performing any online alter or archival 
  2. Faster replication (Row Based Replication)
  3. Table Partitioning.
  4. The primary key is mandatory in cluster environments (InnoDB Cluster / Galera / Xtradb Cluster).
  5. Better query performance 

From 8.0.30, no need to maintain a separate column for the primary key in the table. We have a feature of sql_generate_invisible_primary_key (GIPK), a dynamic global variable. We can enable it online without any downtime.

By enabling this variable, the primary key and invisible column will be automatically created in the table if any of the created tables have an absent primary key. The default name of the auto-generated column name is my_row_id.

The main advantage of this feature is that we can ease cluster migrations and faster replication synchronization. 

The structure will be replicated to the replicas only for the ROW-based replication.

Requirements:

Binlog format ROW
MySQL Version >= 8.0.30
Engine InnoDB

Enabling GIPK:

It is a global variable, we can enable it dynamically without any downtime. By default, it will be off.

+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                      | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| sql_generate_invisible_primary_key | OFF   |
+------------------------------------+-------+

mysql> set global sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                      | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| sql_generate_invisible_primary_key | ON    |
+------------------------------------+-------+

Working with GIPK :

mysql> CREATE TABLE `gipk` (`name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,  `number` int DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

mysql>  show create table gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gipk` (
  `my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT /*!80023 INVISIBLE */,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `number` int DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Post enabling the GPIK restart the connection to get it applied. 

In the above example, in the create statement I have mentioned two columns name and number. But MySQL has automatically created 1 more invisible primary key column named my_row_id.

We can make the column invisible or visible based on our use case. We just need to perform the alter statement to switch between invisible and visible columns.

mysql> ALTER TABLE gipk ALTER COLUMN my_row_id SET VISIBLE;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql>  show create table gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gipk` (
  `my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `number` int DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Even though it is an auto-generated column, It will be visible in the show create a statement and in information_schema.columns as well.

mysql>  show create table gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gipk` (
  `my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT /*!80023 INVISIBLE */,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `number` int DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME = "gipk";
+-------------+-----------+
| COLUMN_NAME | DATA_TYPE |
+-------------+-----------+
| my_row_id   | bigint    |
| name        | varchar   |
| number      | int       |
+-------------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

By turning off show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema, we may fully obscure it. By doing so, the column details will fully disappear from the show and create statements as well as from information schema.columns.

It is a dynamic variable, by default it will be on.

+--------------------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                                    | Value |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------+
| show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema | ON    |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------+

mysql> set global show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

+--------------------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                                    | Value |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------+
| show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema | OFF   |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------+
mysql> SELECT COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME = "gipk";
+-------------+-----------+
| COLUMN_NAME | DATA_TYPE |
+-------------+-----------+
| name        | varchar   |
| number      | int       |
+-------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gipk` (
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `number` int DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Now the column is completely invisible.

Handling GIPK:

We can’t change the column name when the column is in an invisible state. 

mysql> ALTER TABLE gipk RENAME COLUMN my_row_id to id;

ERROR 4110 (HY000): Altering generated invisible primary key column 'my_row_id' is not allowed.

To achieve this, first, we need to make the column visible and then we need to perform the rename column to change the column name based on our convenience. 

mysql>  show create table gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gipk` (
  `my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `number` int DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> ALTER TABLE gipk RENAME COLUMN my_row_id to id;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show create table gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gipk` (
  `id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `number` int DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Benchmarking

We have done a benchmark on the same to identify if there is any issue occurring post-enabling GIPK.

Table structure :

mysql> show create table gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gipk` (
  `my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT /*!80023 INVISIBLE */,
  `id` int unsigned NOT NULL,
  `k` int unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `c` char(120) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `pad` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> show create table non_gipk\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: non_gipk
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `non_gipk` (
  `id` int unsigned NOT NULL,
  `k` int unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `c` char(120) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `pad` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Data loading :

Table size :

+----------+----------+------------+
| Database | Table    | Size in GB |
+----------+----------+------------+
| mydbops  | non_gipk |      20.76 |
+----------+----------+------------+

+----------+-------+---------------+
| Database | Table | Table size GB |
+----------+-------+---------------+
| mydbops  | gipk  |         21.83 |
+----------+-------+---------------+

We have created tables with GIPK and without Primary key. I have used mysql random data load for loading data to tables. The surprise is, the time taken for data loading is the same with GIPK and without the Primary key. So there won’t be much latency when bulk loading is happening even if GIPK is enabled.

Full table scan :

mysql> select * from gipk order by id limit 1;
+----+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+
| id | k          | c                                                                      | pad                          |
+----+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+
|  9 | 1542554247 | fugit sapiente consectetur ab non repudiandae ducimus laboriosam quas! | dolore veritatis asperiores. |
+----+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+
1 row in set (2 min 56.14 sec)

mysql> select * from non_gipk order by id limit 1;
+----+------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| id | k          | c                                     | pad                                  |
+----+------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
|  9 | 1542554247 | voluptas facere sed dolore iure nisi. | at ipsam id voluptatem et excepturi. |
+----+------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
1 row in set (4 min 22.99 sec)

We have done the full table query execution on both with GIPK and without Primary key table, the performance improvement is there in the GIPK table. The time taken for the execution has been reduced by half. 

Online alter and archival :

For performing safer online alter and archival of data chunk by chunk, the percona toolkit plays a vital role. For percona toolkit operations ( pt-osc / archiver) , The basic requirement is the primary key. If there is no primary key on the table, the tool won’t work on that table.  

The advantage of enabling GPIK is, we will have the invisible primary key. By using that primary key, the Percona tool is able to perform like online alter or archival, etc.

[root@localhost mydbopslabs]# pt-archiver --source h=localhost,D=mydbops,t=non_gipk,u=root,p='*****' --where "1=1" --limit 5000 --progress 5000 --statistics --no-check-charset --commit-each --bulk-delete --purge --file '/home/mydbopslabs/non_gipk_%d_%m_%Y_%H_%m_%s.csv' --output-format=csv --dry-run
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
	LANGUAGE = (unset),
	LC_ALL = (unset),
	LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8",
	LANG = "en_US.UTF-8"
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
Cannot find an ascendable index in table at /bin/pt-archiver line 3261.

[root@localhost mydbopslabs]# pt-archiver --source h=localhost,D=mydbops,t=gipk,u=root,p='******' --where "1=1" --limit 5000 --progress 5000 --statistics --no-check-charset --commit-each --bulk-delete --purge --file '/home/mydbopslabs/non_gipk_%d_%m_%Y_%H_%m_%s.csv' --output-format=csv --dry-run
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
	LANGUAGE = (unset),
	LC_ALL = (unset),
	LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8",
	LANG = "en_US.UTF-8"
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
/home/mydbopslabs/non_gipk_06_10_2022_02_10_05.csv
SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ `my_row_id`,`id`,`k`,`c`,`pad` FROM `mydbops`.`gipk` FORCE INDEX(`PRIMARY`) WHERE (1=1) AND (`my_row_id` < '100000000') ORDER BY `my_row_id` LIMIT 5000
SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ `my_row_id`,`id`,`k`,`c`,`pad` FROM `mydbops`.`gipk` FORCE INDEX(`PRIMARY`) WHERE (1=1) AND (`my_row_id` < '100000000') AND ((`my_row_id` >= ?)) ORDER BY `my_row_id` LIMIT 5000
DELETE FROM `mydbops`.`gipk` WHERE (((`my_row_id` >= ?))) AND (((`my_row_id` <= ?))) AND (1=1) LIMIT 5000

While performing archival on the Non-primary key table, the archival got failed, but it got succeeded on the GIPK table since it has an invisible primary key.

[root@localhost mydbopslabs]# pt-online-schema-change h=localhost,D=mydbops,t=non_gipk --user='root' --password='*****' --no-check-alter  --critical-load "Threads_running=900" --recursion-method=none --max-load  "Threads_running=1000" --no-check-plan --alter "engine=innodb" --dry-run
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
	LANGUAGE = (unset),
	LC_ALL = (unset),
	LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8",
	LANG = "en_US.UTF-8"
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
# A software update is available:
Operation, tries, wait:
  analyze_table, 10, 1
  copy_rows, 10, 0.25
  create_triggers, 10, 1
  drop_triggers, 10, 1
  swap_tables, 10, 1
  update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
Starting a dry run.  `mydbops`.`non_gipk` will not be altered.  Specify --execute instead of --dry-run to alter the table.
Creating new table...
Created new table mydbops._non_gipk_new OK.
Altering new table...
Altered `mydbops`.`_non_gipk_new` OK.
The new table `mydbops`.`_non_gipk_new` does not have a PRIMARY KEY or a unique index required for the DELETE trigger.
Please check you have at least one UNIQUE and NOT NULLABLE index.
2022-10-06T02:48:59 Dropping new table...
2022-10-06T02:48:59 Dropped new table OK.
Dry run complete.  `mydbops`.`non_gipk` was not altered.
[root@localhost mydbopslabs]# pt-online-schema-change h=localhost,D=mydbops,t=gipk --user='root' --password='*****' --no-check-alter  --critical-load "Threads_running=900" --recursion-method=none --max-load  "Threads_running=1000" --no-check-plan --alter "engine=innodb" --dry-run
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
	LANGUAGE = (unset),
	LC_ALL = (unset),
	LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8",
	LANG = "en_US.UTF-8"
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
Operation, tries, wait:
  analyze_table, 10, 1
  copy_rows, 10, 0.25
  create_triggers, 10, 1
  drop_triggers, 10, 1
  swap_tables, 10, 1
  update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
Starting a dry run.  `mydbops`.`gipk` will not be altered.  Specify --execute instead of --dry-run to alter the table.
Creating new table...
Created new table mydbops._gipk_new OK.
Altering new table...
Altered `mydbops`.`_gipk_new` OK.
Not creating triggers because this is a dry run.
Not copying rows because this is a dry run.
Not swapping tables because this is a dry run.
Not dropping old table because this is a dry run.
Not dropping triggers because this is a dry run.
2022-10-06T02:49:15 Dropping new table...
2022-10-06T02:49:15 Dropped new table OK.
Dry run complete. `mydbops`.`gipk` was not altered.

Online alter has failed on the Non-primary key table, and the archival failed, but it succeeded on the GIPK table since it has an invisible primary key.

Limitations:

  • GIPK will fail if the CREATE table statement has an auto-increment column. 
  • It supports only InnoDB Engine.
  • GIPK supports only row-based replication. 

Conclusion:

No more need to worry about creating and maintaining a primary key separately. GPIK also solves the problem in migration to Inn0DB Cluster, where the Primary key is mandatory. By enabling sql_generate_invisible_primary_key , we have an auto primary key in place now as a lifesaver. 

Planet MySQL