Nuffing.com

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Built in the early 1970s, the 900+ room Carolando Motor Inn was, for a time, the largest hotel near Disney World. It was part of a larger development that never came to fruition, and after a successful run as a Hyatt, and a failed reopening, it saw its final guests in 2012. Bright Sun Films takes us on a tour of its water-logged ruins.

The Awesomer

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U.S.A. –-(AmmoLand.com)-— The author has been interested in the historical costs of .22 rimfire cartridges since childhood. Starting in early adolescence, and continuing for many years, the value of things and time was measured in .22 cartridges. It was a simple calculation, an easy comparison. From that era, 1964 to the present, .22 Long Rifle cartridge list prices, converted to constant unskilled labor dollars, have been fairly stable.

The unskilled labor number is based on the time it takes for an unskilled laborer to earn the same purchasing power for a particular year. It took about 146 hours (about two weeks, 12 hours a day, six days a week), for an unskilled laborer in 1911, to earn the same purchasing power as 1 hour of unskilled labor in 2022. The chart shows the value of unskilled labor increased rapidly from 1911 to present, with some glitches. The most obvious is the depression, in 1932, post-WWII in 1950, most of the 1980s, and after the election of President Obama, 2008 onward.

The .22 caliber rimfire cartridges are the most successful cartridges in history. Billions are produced annually. They are the most used cartridges of all time. The .22 Long Rifle is the most common. For a considerable time, the .22 Short gave it significant competition. The .22 Long, while sold in considerable quantities, was never as popular as either the Long Rifle or the Short.

.22 rimfire cartridges have been used to kill the biggest land animals on the planet, from elephants (according to Peter Hathaway Capstick, in Safari, the Last Adventure, p.114 to 116)  to grizzly bears.

The .22 Winchester Rimfire (WRF) and the .22 WRF magnum deserve mention, but their use and production pale in significance to the Long Rifle and the Short.

The .22 rimfire has always been the least expensive cartridge to purchase. For most of history, the .22 Short has been less expensive than the Long Rifle. That changed in the 1980s.  The Long Rifle has always been more versatile.

This correspondent has obtained manufacturer price list information for .22 Long Rifle ammunition from 1911 to 2022. The information covers 111 ears of pricing history. Of the 111 years, this correspondent obtained data for 70 years. There are enough data points to catch most variations lasting a couple of years or more.

For consistency, the prices are those of smokeless, 40-grain high-velocity Long Rifle cartridges. The prices are all from one highly successful manufacturer. The cost of obtaining the prices was confidentiality.

Material costs seem to have relatively little effect on overall cartridge costs. Looking at a 2003 Gun Digest, variations of  50 rounds of .25 Auto and 50 rounds of .44 magnum were both priced at $17.

The incredible increase in productivity brought about by the petroleum age and increasing technological prowess reduced the relative costs of cartridges enormously. In 1911, the petroleum age was just starting. Automobiles were in their infancy. So were airplanes. The ability to fix nitrogen from the air for fertilizer and explosives had been discovered by German scientists in 1909, in the Haber-Bosch process.

In 1911, the relative cost of a thousand rounds of .22 Long Rifle, in dollars earned by unskilled labor, was $1,095, or about $1.10 per cartridge in 2022 valuation. The nominal cost in 1911 was 3/4 of a cent per round. To give perspective, butter was 20 cents a pound; fresh eggs were 20 cents a dozen. A day of unskilled labor was paid about $1.

After WWI and the vast increase in technological knowledge and skill, the cost fell to about 28 cents per round in the value of unskilled labor in 2022.  WWII sparked more increases in technological prowess and knowledge. The price gradually fell to about 20 cents per round in 2022 unskilled labor dollars. The lowest prices, per round of .22 long rifle, in unskilled labor, were reached from 1993 to 2006, at about 4.5 cents per round.

From the Obama years onward, the price has gone up and down to about 8 cents per round currently. If we maintain a republic, this correspondent expects .22 Long Rifle cartridges to move back down in the neighborhood of 4 cents a cartridge in constant dollars.

Diligent shoppers will find cartridges on sale, going out of business, discontinued, or other bargains. Estates of shooters often sell ammunition at bargain-basement prices. Gun stores often refuse to resell ammunition, even in unopened boxes.

Ammunition, if stored in reasonable conditions, will last many decades, probably over a hundred years. 65-year-old .22 rimfire ammunition has been tested by this correspondent. There was no measurable degradation in performance.

—

About Dean Weingarten:

Dean Weingarten has been a peace officer, a military officer, was on the University of Wisconsin Pistol Team for four years, and was first certified to teach firearms safety in 1973. He taught the Arizona concealed carry course for fifteen years until the goal of Constitutional Carry was attained. He has degrees in meteorology and mining engineering, and retired from the Department of Defense after a 30 year career in Army Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation.

AmmoLand.com

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As you might know, mysqldump is single-threaded and STDOUT is its default output. As MyDumper is multithreaded, it has to write on different files. Since version 0.11.3 was released in Nov 2021, we have the possibility to stream our backup in MyDumper. We thought for several months until we decided what was the simplest way to implement it and we also had to add support for compression. So, after fixing several bugs, and we now consider it is stable enough, we can explain how it works.

How Can You Stream if MyDumper is Multithreaded?

Receiving a stream is not a problem for myloader, it receives a file at a time and sends it to a thread to process it. However, each worker thread in mydumper is connected to the database, and as soon as it reads data, it should be sent to the stream, which might cause collisions with other worker threads that are reading data from the database. In order to avoid this issue, we ended up with the simplest solution: mydumper is going to take a backup and store it in the local file system that you configured, and the filename will be enqueued to be processed by the Stream Thread which pops one file at a time and pipes to stdout. We study the alternative to send chunks of the file while it is being dumped, but the way that we implemented is simpler and improves the overall performance.

Implementation Details

Here is a high-level diagram of how we implemented it:

When a mydumper Worker Thread processes a job, it connects to the database and stores the output into a file. That didn’t change, but with stream, we are pushing the filename into the mydumper stream_queue.

The mydumper Stream Thread is popping filenames from the mydumper stream_queue, it is going to send the header of the file to stdout and then open the file and send its content.

Then, myloader Stream Thread is going to receive and detect the header, it will create the new file with the filename from the header and store the content in it.

After closing the file, it will enqueue the filename in the myloader stream_queue. A myloader Worker Thread is going to take that file and process it according to the kind of file it is.

By default, the files are deleted, but if you want to keep them, you can use the –no-delete option. 

The header is simply adding — to the filename so you can use myloader or mysql client to import your database. Here is an example:

-- sbtest-schema-create.sql
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `sbtest` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */;

-- sbtest.sbtest1-schema.sql
/*!40101 SET NAMES binary*/;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0*/;

/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
CREATE TABLE `sbtest1` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `k` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `c` char(120) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `pad` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `pad2` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=100010 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- sbtest.sbtest1.00000.sql
/*!40101 SET NAMES binary*/;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0*/;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
INSERT INTO `sbtest1` VALUES(1,49929,"83868641912-28773972837-60736120486-75162659906-27563526494-20381887404-41576422241-93426793964-56405065102-33518432330","67847967377-48000963322-62604785301-91415491898-96926520291","")
…

Simple Use Cases

A thread writes to a single file to avoid a collision, which improves the performance. However, having thousands of files for a backup of a couple of tables is not manageable. So, the simplest use case is to send everything to a single file:

mydumper -B <SCHEMA_NAME> -h <FROM> > filename.sql

Then you can just simply import it using:

myloader --stream -o -h <TO_SERVER> < filename.sql

Now that you can pipe from a mydumper process to myloader, this execution is possible:

mydumper -B <SCHEMA_NAME> -h <FROM> | myloader --stream -o -h <TO>

Or you can send the stream through the network using nc: 

mydumper -B <SCHEMA_NAME> -h <FROM_SERVER> | nc <MYDUMPER_SERVER> <ANY_PORT>
nc -l <MYDUMPER_SERVER> <ANY_PORT> | myloader --stream -o -h <TO_SERVER>

 

This implementation is using the backup directory on mydumper and myloader as Buffers, you must take this into account, as by default it is going to create a directory where you run it.

Another thing that you need to take into account is that mydumper and myloader will be writing on disk, the whole backup will be written on both File Systems while it is being processed, and use a file system with enough disk space.

Finally, you can keep myloader running and send several mydumper backups. First, you need to run:

nc -k -l <MYDUMPER_SERVER> <ANY_PORT> | myloader --stream -o -h <TO_SERVER>

And then execute:

mydumper -B <SCHEMA_NAME_1> -h <FROM_SERVER> | nc <MYDUMPER_SERVER> <ANY_PORT>
mydumper -B <SCHEMA_NAME_2> -h <FROM_SERVER> | nc <MYDUMPER_SERVER> <ANY_PORT>
mydumper -B <SCHEMA_NAME_3> -h <FROM_SERVER> | nc <MYDUMPER_SERVER> <ANY_PORT>
mydumper -B <SCHEMA_NAME_4> -h <FROM_SERVER> | nc -N <MYDUMPER_SERVER> <ANY_PORT>

Some versions of nc have these two options:

      -k      When a connection is completed, listen for another one.  Requires -l.

     -N      shutdown(2) the network socket after EOF on the input.  Some servers require this to finish their work.

This is very useful if you are refreshing some testing environment and you only need a couple of tables on different databases or if you are using a where clause that only applies to some tables.

Considerations

Usually, when you send data to STDOUT, you are not going to have trouble with disk space usage on the dumper server. That is NOT true if you are using MyDumper. Files will be stored on the mydumper server until they are transferred to the receiving server. For instance, if you have a 10TB database, with a very low network bandwidth compared to the disk bandwidth, you might end up filling up the disk where you keep the files temporarily.

Conclusion

We focus the implementation to speed up export and import processes. Opposite to other software or implementations, we use the file system as a buffer causing a higher disk utilization.

Percona Database Performance Blog

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Gizmodo

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Dilbert Daily Strip

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Today, the book I would like to recommend is Efficient MySQL Performance – Best Practices and Techniques, Daniel Nichter, O’Reilly, 2021.

I participated (just a bit) in the writing of this book as technical reviewer with Vadim and Fipar. I really enjoyed that role of carefully reading the early drafts of the chapters Daniel was writing.

Although Daniel says the book is not for the experts, I think even experts will enjoy it because several key InnoDB concepts are also covered. You can see that I refer to the book often in my A graph a day, keeps the doctor away ! series on monitoring and trending.

If you’re looking for information on transaction isolation and undo logs, fuzzy checkpointing, etc… you’ll find valuable information in the book.

The book is also enhanced with detailed illustrations that help in understanding complicated concepts (InnoDB page flushing, page 216, Source to Replica , page 235, MVCC and undo logs, page 277 are some examples).

Personally, I use this book as I used the 2nd and 3rd editions of High Performance MySQL.

From the beginning to the end of the book, Daniel focuses on the most important and measurable metric for all database consumers: query response time.

I had the chance to meet again Daniel at Percona Live and offered me a signed copy 😉

I also had the privilege of having my review published in the back of the book:

If you are looking for a book to improve your knowledge of MySQL or if you are a software engineer who needs to deal with MySQL, this is a good choice.

I also recommend reading Daniel’s blog which is a complement to the book.

Have a good read and enjoy MySQL!

Planet MySQL

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There are two types of IFs in MySQL: the IF statement and the IF function. Both are different from each other.  In this article, we will explain their diversities and show usage examples. Also, we will review other MySQL functions. Contents MySQL IF statements MySQL IF-THEN statement MySQL IF-THEN-ELSE statement MySQL IF-THEN-ELSEIF-ELSE statement Examples of […]

The post MySQL IF – Function and Statement (with Examples) appeared first on Devart Blog.

Planet MySQL

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A critical skill for any rifle shooter, mounting your own scope will save you time, money, and teach a core skill for long range shooting.Recoil

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